Antibiotics Classification And Side Effects

Health Insurance Maternity Coverage - Antibiotics Classification And Side Effects

Hi friends. Today, I discovered Health Insurance Maternity Coverage - Antibiotics Classification And Side Effects. Which may be very helpful for me therefore you. Antibiotics Classification And Side Effects

What are Antibiotics?

What I said. It is not the actual final outcome that the real about Health Insurance Maternity Coverage. You read this article for info on a person wish to know is Health Insurance Maternity Coverage.

Health Insurance Maternity Coverage

The word "antibiotics" comes from the Greek anti ("against") and bios ("life"). Antibiotics are drugs that whether destroy bacteria or prevent their reproduction. Antibiotics that kill bacteria are called "bactericidal" and the ones that stop the increase of bacteria are called "bacteriostatic".

Since penicillin's introduction during the 1940s, scientists advanced numerous other antibiotics. Today, over 100 separate antibiotics are available. About 90% of antibiotics are made from living organisms such as bacteria, others are produced synthetically, whether in whole or in part.

Antibiotics classification

Although there are several classification schemes for antibiotics, based on bacterial spectrum (broad, narrow) or route of management (injectable, oral, topical), or type of activity (bactericidal, bacteriostatic), the most beneficial is based on chemical structure. Antibiotics within a structural class will commonly have similar patterns of effectiveness, toxicity, and allergic potential.

Most commonly used types of antibiotics are: Penicillins, Fluoroquinolones, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, and Tetracyclines. While each class is composed of complicated drugs, each drug is unique in some way.

Penicillins

The penicillins are the oldest class of antibiotics. Penicillins have a common chemical buildings which they share with the cephalopsorins. Penicillins are commonly bactericidal, inhibiting formation of the cell wall.

There are four types of penicillins:
The natural pencillins are based on the primary penicillin-G structure. Penicillin-G types are effective against gram-positive strains of streptococci, staphylococci, and some gram-negative bacteria such as meningococcus. Penicillinase-resistant penicillins are active even in the proximity of the bacterial enzyme that inactivates most natural penicillins. Extended spectrum penicillins which are effective against a wider range of bacteria. Aminopenicillins such as ampicillin and amoxicillin have an extended spectrum of activity compared with the natural penicillins.
Penicillins side effects

Penicillins are among the least toxic drugs known. The most common side follow of penicillin is diarrhea. Nausea, vomiting, and upset stomach are also common. In rare cases penicillins can cause immediate and delayed allergic reactions - specifically, skin rashes, fever, and anaphylactic shock. Penicillins are classed as category B during pregnancy.

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins have a mechanism of activity identical to that of the penicillins. However, the basic chemical buildings of the penicillins and cephalosporins differs in other respects, resulting in some disagreement in the spectrum of antibacterial activity. Like the penicillins, cephalosporins interfere with synthesis of the bacterial cell wall and so are bactericidal.

Cephalosporins are among the most diverse classes of antibiotics, they are grouped into "generations" by their antimicrobial properties. Each generation has a broader spectrum of activity than the one before.

The first generation cephalosporins include: cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin, cephradine, cephalexin, cefadroxil. Their spectrums of activity are quite similar. They possess commonly exquisite coverage against most gram-positive pathogens and variable to poor coverage against most gram negative pathogens.

The second generation cephalosporins include: cefaclor, cefamandole, cefonicid, ceforanide, cefuroxime. In increasing to the gram-positive spectrum of the first generation cephalosporins, these agents have wide gram-negative spectrum. Cefoxitin and cefotetan also have good activity against Bacteroides fragilis.

The third generation cephalosporins have much wide gram-negative activity. However, some members of this group have decreased activity against gram-positive organisms. The third generation cephalosporins include: cefcapene, cefdaloxime, cefditoren, cefetamet, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefodizime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefpimizole, cefpodoxime, ceftibuten, ceftriaxone. They have the benefit of favorable dosing schedules, but they are expensive.

The fourth generation cephalosporins are extended-spectrum agents with similar activity against gram-positive organisms as first-generation cephalosporins. They also have a greater resistance to beta-lactamases (bacterial enzymes that may destroy antibiotic before it can do its work) than the third generation cephalosporins. Many fourth generation cephalosporins can cross blood brain barricade and are effective in meningitis. The fourth generation cephalosporins include: cefclidine, cefepime, cefluprenam, cefozopran, cefpirome, cefquinome.

Cephalosporin side effects

Cephalosporins commonly cause few side effects. common side effects associated these drugs include: diarrhoea, nausea, mild stomach cramps or upset. Almost 5Ц10% of patients with allergic hypersensitivity to penicillins will also have cross-reactivity with cephalosporins. Thus, cephalosporin antibiotics are contraindicated in people with a history of allergic reactions (urticaria, anaphylaxis, interstitial nephritis, etc) to penicillins or cephalosporins. Cephalosporin antibiotics are classed as reproduction category B.

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones are the newest class of antibiotics. Their generic name often contains the root "floxacin". They are synthetic antibiotics that belong to the family of antibiotics called quinolones. The older quinolones are not well absorbed and are used to treat mostly urinary tract infections. The newer fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum bacteriocidal drugs that are chemically unrelated to the penicillins or the cephaloprosins. Because of their exquisite absorption fluoroquinolones can be administered not only by intravenous but orally as well.

Commonly used fluoroquinolones consist of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, sparfloxacin, clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, ofloxacin, trovafloxacin.

Fluoroquinolones side effects

Fluoroquinolones are well tolerated and relatively safe. The most common side effects consist of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. Other more serious but less common side effects are central nervous ideas effects (headache, confusion and dizziness), phototoxicity (more common with lomefloxacin and sparfloxacin). All drugs in this class have been associated with convulsions. Fluoroquinolones are classed as reproduction category C.

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines got their name because they share a chemical buildings that has four rings. They are derived from a species of Streptomyces bacteria. Tetracycline antibiotics are broad-spectrum bacteriostatic agents, that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Tetracyclines may be effective against a wide variety of microorganisms, together with rickettsia and amebic parasites.

Tetracyclines are used in the treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, sinuses, middle ear, urinary tract, skin, intestines. Tetracyclines also are used to treat Gonorrhoea. Their most common current use is in the treatment of gently severe acne and rosacea.

The most commonly prescribed tetracycline antibiotics are: tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline.

Tetracycline side effects

Drugs in the tetracycline class come to be toxic over time. Expired drugs can cause a dangerous syndrome resulting in damage to the kidneys.

Common side effects associated with tetracyclines consist of cramps or burning of the stomach, diarrhea, sore mouth or tongue. Tetracyclines can cause skin photosensitivity, which increases the risk of sunburn under exposure to Uv light. This may be of particular point for those intending to take on holidays long-term doxycyline as a malaria prophylaxis. Rarely, tetracyclines may cause allergic reactions. Very rarely severe ill and vision problems may be signs of dangerous secondary intracranial hypertension.

Tetracycline antibiotics should not be used in children under the age of 8, and specifically during periods of tooth development. Tetracyclines are classed as reproduction category D. Use during reproduction may cause alterations in bone development.

Macrolides

The macrolide antibiotics are derived from Streptomyces bacteria, and got their name because they all have a macrocyclic lactone chemical structure. The macrolides are bacteriostatic, binding with bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. Erythromycin, the prototype of this class, has a spectrum and use similar to penicillin. Macrolide antibiotics are used to treat respiratory tract infections (such as pharyngitis, sinusitis, and bronchitis), genital, gastrointestinal tract, and skin infections.

The most commonly prescribed macrolide antibiotics are: erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, troleandomycin.

Macrolides side effects

Side effects associated with macrolides consist of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; infrequently, there may be temporary auditory impairment. Azithromycin has been rarely associated with allergic reactions, together with angioedema, anaphylaxis, and dermatologic reactions. Oral erythromycin may be highly irritating to the stomach and when given by injection may cause severe phlebitis. Macrolide antibiotics should be used with caution in patients with liver dysfunction. reproduction category B: Azithromycin, erythromycin. reproduction category C: Clarithromycin, dirithromycin, troleandomycin.

I hope you receive new knowledge about Health Insurance Maternity Coverage. Where you possibly can offer easy use in your everyday life. And just remember, your reaction is passed about Health Insurance Maternity Coverage.